jaydeep raijada
Jaydeep Raijada

Hi, I'm Jaydeep

I train small language models and study how far they can be pushed with reinforcement learning and post-training.

Available for freelance AI projects
About

I design reward functions, build training environments, and check whether techniques that work on large models still work when you shrink them ~70×. By day I'm an Analyst at Lowe's. On the side I'm running a small-scale research program on on-policy distillation and continual learning: how to schedule multiple specialist teachers, when distribution-level supervision beats sampled tokens, and whether self-distillation survives weak in-context learning. Recently placed in the top 100 at the HuggingFace × Meta OpenEnv Hackathon in Bangalore.

Currently
Analyst at Lowe's · Bangalore, India
December 2024Present

Designed an LLM-based sentiment analysis and topic modelling pipeline on Voice of Customer (VOC) data, enabling scalable monitoring of customer feedback in production. Built a clustering-based experimentation framework to find high-performing survey introduction scripts, which lifted take rate from 9% to 14% (a 55% relative improvement). Built a multi-stage prediction system using HistGradientBoosting across hierarchical classification buckets, plus Power BI dashboards to make the insights usable day-to-day.

Research

One research program, two studies: on-policy distillation and forgetting in small models. What survives when you shrink the student, and what to do when it doesn't.

Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation: Scheduling, Forgetting, and the Sampled-vs-Logit Dispute

June 2026 – Present
Rescoped design v2 · pre-implementation, awaiting sign-offQwen2.5-0.5B student · two 7B specialist teachers

Frontier labs distill one student from many specialist teachers at once (Nemotron 3 Ultra routes more than ten), yet nobody has published a controlled comparison of how to schedule them: routed-joint vs sequential vs sequential-with-replay, at matched token budgets, with forgetting and backward transfer measured. There is also a second open dispute, where three 2026 papers report three different winners between sampled-token and logit-distribution supervision. This study runs the clean 2×2 plus replay control at small scale, across two deliberately different domains (math and tool-calling), behind strict validity gates: pinned revisions, loss-correctness checks, and evaluator audits before anything expensive runs.

Hypothesis: Routed joint distillation gives the best multi-domain tradeoff at matched budgets, and the sampled-vs-logit winner per domain is predicted by how far student rollouts stray off the teacher's support.

Self-Distillation at Sub-1B Scale: Does SDFT Break When ICL Is Weak?

May 2026 – Present
Gap verified · infra builtSmolLM2-360M · Qwen2.5-0.5B / 1.5BTarget: EMNLP / CoLLAs 2027

ICL-based self-distillation has never been tested below 1.7B parameters, where the in-context learning it relies on for its teacher signal is much weaker. DynSDPB was built for small models but has never been compared head-to-head against the ICL-based approach. This study runs that comparison in a sequential-learning setup (arithmetic → code → factual QA), measures forgetting across 360M–1.5B, and correlates few-shot ICL quality with the strength of the self-distillation teacher signal.

Hypothesis: Self-distillation gains track in-context learning quality. Below some scale threshold the ICL teacher signal degrades into noise, and mini-batch logit distillation (DynSDPB) becomes the more reliable choice.

Selected work

A falsification experiment: does the DPO "squeezing" failure mode, where chosen and rejected log-probabilities collapse together instead of just the rejected one falling, hit sub-1B models earlier or harder than the 7B+ models it's documented in? Not supported. Three rounds of iterative DPO with verifiable rewards (DPO-VP) on Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct + GSM8K show the textbook healthy signature instead: chosen logprob stays flat, rejected falls faster, preference gap grows round over round. A matched GRPO baseline is equally stable. Pushing further to SmolLM2-135M hit a capacity floor (3% pass@1) before the squeezing question could even be tested at that scale.

DPORLVRGRPOQwen2.5-0.5BGSM8KFalsification

An open-source, graduate-level textbook and engineering handbook documenting the complete evolution of LLM post-training (2017–2026), from early instruction tuning through modern reasoning-focused RL systems. Aiming to be the resource a researcher could use to reproduce the post-training pipeline of any frontier lab: paper encyclopedia, reconstructed per-lab recipes, algorithm deep-dives with derivations, and runnable implementations. Early scaffolding stage — structure is in place, content is being written.

Post-TrainingRLHFTechnical WritingOpen Source

SHADE-GYM

April 2026

Top 100 at the HuggingFace × Meta OpenEnv Hackathon, Bangalore. Built an RL environment where a small monitor model learns to catch a frontier attacker (DeepSeek-R1) attempting hidden harmful behaviors across 9 enterprise scenarios. Every reward is a plain Python check, with no LLM-as-judge anywhere in the loop. After 10 reward design iterations, a simple linear reward beat the more elaborate composed one. Trained a Qwen-2.5-1.5B LoRA monitor from random performance (AUROC 0.500) to strong detection (0.893, Recall 0.88, FPR 0.12), closing about 40% of the gap to Gemini-2.5-Pro at under 0.1% of its per-call cost.

GRPORLVROpenEnvTRLQwen-2.5-1.5BReward DesignScalable OversightLoRA

The full post-training stack run end-to-end on a single sub-1B model, SmolLM-135M, with each stage measured. CPT: continued pre-training on 138 arXiv ML papers via QLoRA (rank 32, Unsloth). On held-out papers: −20.1% perplexity (22.97 to 18.36), +25.4% ROUGE-L, +37.5% BLEU; rank saturates at r≥16, so the data (not the rank) is the bottleneck. SFT: instruction-tuned on a 300K-pair dataset generated from arXiv papers (7 stochastic task types, structured decoding via Outlines), using ChatML and response-only loss masking. DPO: preference-aligned on 151K LLM-judged pairs (β=0.1), which lifted held-out reward accuracy from 0.50 to 0.72 while preserving generation diversity, an alignment gain with no mode collapse. All checkpoints published to HuggingFace.

CPTSFTDPOPreference OptimizationLoRA / QLoRAUnslothTRLSmolLM-135M

CPT × LoRA: A Controlled Ablation Study

February 2026

Which LoRA tricks actually matter for continued pre-training? A reproducible study stress-testing the recommendations in Unsloth's CPT guide. Llama-2-7B is continually pretrained on a code corpus (Magicoder-Evol-Instruct-110K); starting from a paper baseline, each experiment adds exactly one ingredient (extra LoRA target modules, rank-stabilized LoRA, a decoupled embedding learning rate) and measures the effect on held-out validation perplexity. One training script, six config files, one varied knob each. That identity is what makes it a controlled experiment rather than six scripts that drift apart.

CPTLoRArsLoRAUnslothLlama-2-7BAblation Design

Two diffusion language models, both built from scratch. ModernBERT (~150M): pretrained as a masked diffusion LM on Project Gutenberg (6.4M chunks, 20 hours on an RTX 4090), then SFT'd on Open-Orca (~4.2M Q&A pairs, instruction-token-only loss). TinyStories (45M): full architecture written from scratch and trained for 60K steps, with confidence-based iterative denoising at generation time (128 diffusion steps). Loss dropped sharply around step 25K, the point where structure starts to emerge. All checkpoints published to HuggingFace.

Diffusion LMModernBERTNon-autoregressivePyTorchMasked DiffusionFrom Scratch

TenderIQ

May 2026

End-to-end system for evaluating government tenders. The pipeline pulls criteria from the document with a DeepSeek LLM, retrieves matching evidence with sentence-transformers, and writes an explainable verdict with cited source clauses. OCR uses a three-tier fallback: PyMuPDF first, Tesseract next, DeepSeek Vision when confidence drops below 65%. Borderline verdicts (confidence 0.55 to 0.80) route to a human review queue with a full audit trail. Covered by a 43-check smoke test suite.

RAGDeepSeekOCRStreamlitHuman-in-the-loopProductionPydantic
Writing

Notes on post-training, RL environments, and small-model experiments. Read on the blog or Substack.

Skills
Post-training & alignment
CPT·SFT·RLHF·PPO·GRPO·Reward Modeling·Preference Optimization·LoRA / QLoRA·Self-Distillation·Unsloth
RL environments
OpenEnv·Reward Design·Verifiers
Applied AI
LLMs·RAG·Agentic Workflows·Prompting & Context Engineering·Tool Use·Diffusion LMs
Multimodal
VLMs·Vision Transformers (ViT, Swin, DeiT, DETR, PaliGemma)·Audio AI (STT, TTS)
Frameworks & MLOps
PyTorch·Transformers·TRL·MLFlow·DVC·DagShub·CI/CD (GitHub Actions)
Distributed training & inference
5D Parallelism (DP/TP/PP/CP/EP)·vLLM·PagedAttention·Continuous Batching·KV Cache Management·Inference Optimization
Languages & analytics
Python·SQL·Pandas·Power BI
Get in touch

The fastest way to reach me is by email at j.raijada25@gmail.com. Or find me on X, GitHub, Hugging Face, and LinkedIn. Hiring for a project? See what I build on the services page.